参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用mla（the modern language association）或者apa（the american psychological association），一般偏重人文学科的应用mla，偏重自然学科的应用apa。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。3.1 正文中的引证
学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。3.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点
引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：
mla：
charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(taylor).
apa：
charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(taylor,1990).
另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按mla的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：
mla：
taylor claims that charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
而按apa的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：
apa：
taylor claims that charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(1990).
如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按apa的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：
apa：
in a 1990 article,taylor claims that charlotte and emily bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：
mla：
(zhu 12)
apa：
(zhang,2005)
3.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字
引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：
mla：
ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to pythagoras,who lived in the sixth century bc(marcuse 197).
monasteries in medieval europe were not short of speculations about greek inventions(marcuse 190-203).
apa：
emily bronte“expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,whether sexual or social”(taylor,1988,p.11).
newmark(1988,pp.39-40)notes three character**tically expressive text-types:(a)serious imaginative literature(e.g.lyrical poetry);(b)authoritative statements(political speeches and documents,statutes and legal documents,philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities);(c)autobiography,essays,personal correspondence(when these are personal effusions).
注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：mla的规范是(marcuse 190-203)，而 apa的规范是(1988,pp.39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：
mla：
ancient writers,according to marcuse,attributed the invention of the monochord to pythagoras,who lived in the sixth century bc(197).
apa：
taylor writes that emily bronte“expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,whether sexual or social”(1988,p.11).
3.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献
mla（二至三位作者）：
among intentional spooner**ms,the“punlike metathes** of d**tinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning”(jakobson and waugh 304).
（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(alton,d**ies,and rice 56)。mla（三位以上的作者）：
the study was extended for two years,and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publ**h their findings(blaine et al.35).
apa（两位作者）：
research(yamada&matsuura,1982)reports the poor performance of advanced learners who could use articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.
注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。apa（三至五位作者）
第一次引用：
according to educational psycholog**ts,ra**ing children ** a responsibility of the entire community(franklin,childs,&smith,1995).
以后的引用：
to be successful,“communities must be willing to take th** responsibility”(franklin et al.,1995,p.135).
apa（五位以上的作者）：
patterns of byzantine intrigue h**e long plagued the internal politics of community college admin**tration in texas(douglas et al.,2003)
3.1.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：
mla：
although some medical ethic**ts claim that cloning will lead to designer children(r.miller 12),others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh th** consideration(a.miller 46).
apa：
well-establ**hed sla researchers(e.g.,r.ell**,2002)seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language(n.ell**,2002).
引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：
mla：
(s.r.wang 26)(j.x.wang 30)
apa：
(w.y.wang,2003)(l.f.wang,2003,p.213)
3.1.5 引用团体作者（corporate author）
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
mla：
it was apparent that the american health care system needed“to be fixed and perhaps radically modified”(public agenda foundation 4).
apa：
retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities(columbia university,1987,p.54).
3.1.6 引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：
mla：
an anonymous wordsworth critic once argued that h** poems were too emotional(“wordsworth ** a loser”100).
apa：
(“mad cow,”2001)或者(sleep medicine,2001)
在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。无论是mla还是apa的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。3.1.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：
mla：
jesse moore(telephone conversation,may 12,1989)admitted the need for an in-depth analys** of the otherness expressed in the work.
apa：
mira ariel(e-mail,april 17,2004)confirmed that accessibility ma**ng played a crucial role in d**course organization.
researchers may observe that chinese majors with no overseas experience often h**e a better command of than american foreign language majors with no overseas experience h**e of the language they study(eugene nida,personal communication,november 8,1986).
3.1.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献
按mla规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：
lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children(“too soon”38),though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development(“hand-eye development”17).
或者
computers are not useful tools for small children(lightenor,“too soon”38),though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development(lightenor,“hand-eye development”17).
或者
lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children,though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development(“too soon”38 and“hand-eye development”17).
按apa规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：
(zhang,1997)(zhang,1999)(zhang,2004)
括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：
(zhang,1997,1999,2004)
同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：
(bloom,2003a,2003b)
3.1.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：
mla：
the dangers of mountain lions to humans h**e been well documented(rychnovsky 40;seidensticker 114;williams 30).
apa：
d**tance from health care providers,lack of transportation,lack of health care providers,lack of **rmation about the d**ease and various treatment options,poverty and social **olation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment dec**ions of rural clients(brown,2001;sullivan,weinert&fulton,1993;weinert&burman,1994).
在mla的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见第3.1.12节）。3.1.10 引用非直接文献（indirect source）
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：
mla：
samuel johnson admitted that edmund burke was an“extraordinary man”(qtd.in boswell 2:450).
（注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。apa：
grayson(as cited in murzynski°elman,1996,p.135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
one researcher(grayson,as cited in murzynski°elman,1996,p.135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“boswell”和“murzynski°elman,1996”）。3.1.11 引用文学作品和经典文献
按mla的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：
in h** famous advice to players,shakespeare’s hamlet defines the purpose of theater,“whose end,both at the first and now,was and **,to hold,as‘twere,the mirror up to nature”(3.2.21-23).
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：
when homer’s odysseus comes to the hall of circe,he finds h** men“mild/in her soft spell,fed on her drug of evil”(10.209-11).
这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。例如：
第一次引用：(lines 5-8)
以后的引用：(12-13)
在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：
one of kingsolver’s narrators,**ager rachel,pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits.for example,rachel complains that being forced to live in the congo with her m**sionary family **“a sheer tapestry of justice”because her chances of finding a ...