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竞技场(the colosseum or col**eum)
the colosseum or col**eum,originally the fl**ian amphitheatre(latin:amphitheatrum fl**ium,italian anfiteatro fl**io or colosseo),** an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of rome,italy,the largest ever built in the roman empire.it ** one of the greatest works of roman architecture and engineering.
occupying a site just east of the roman forum,its construction started between 70 and 72 ad under the emperor vespasian and was completed in 80 ad under titus,with further modifications being made during domitian's reign(81–96).[1]the name"amphitheatrum fl**ium"derives from both vespasian's and titus' family name("fl**ius,from the gens fl**ia).
originally capable of seating around 50,000 spectators,the colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles.it remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the 6th century – well after the traditional date of the fall of rome in 476.as well as the traditional gladiatorial games,many other public spectacles were held there,such as mock sea battles,animal hunts,executions,re-enactments of famous battles,and dramas based on classical mythology.the building eventually ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.it was later reused for such varied purposes as housing,workshops,quarters for a religious order,a fortress,a quarry and a chr**tian shrine.
although it ** now in a ruined condition due to damage caused by earthquakes and stone-robbers,the colosseum has long been seen as an iconic symbol of imperial rome.today it ** one of modern rome's most popular tour**t attractions and still has close connections with the roman catholic church,as each good friday the pope leads a torchlit"way of the cross"procession to the amphitheatre.
the colosseum ** also depicted on the italian version of the five euro-cent coin.
the colosseum's original latin name was amphitheatrum fl**ium,often anglicized as fl**ian amphitheater.the building was constructed by emperors of the fl**ian dynasty,hence its original name.[2]th** name ** still used frequently in modern but it ** generally unknown.
the name colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of nero nearby.[1]th** statue was later remodeled by nero's successors into the likeness of helios(sol)or apollo,the sun god,by adding the appropriate solar crown.nero's head was also replaced several times and substituted with the heads of succeeding emperors.despite its pagan links,the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers.it came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of rome.
in the 8th century,the venerable bede(c.672–735)wrote a famous epigram celebrating the symbolic significance of the statue:quandiu stabit col**eus,stabit et roma;quando cadit col**eus,cadet et roma;quando cadet roma,cadet et mundus("as long as the colossus stands,so shall rome;when the colossus falls,rome shall fall;when rome falls,so falls the world").[3]th** ** often m**translated to refer to the colosseum rather than the colossus(as in,for instance,byron's poem childe harold's pilgrimage).however,at the time that bede wrote,the masculine noun col**eus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the fl**ian amphitheatre.
the colossus did eventually fall,probably being pulled down to reuse its bronze.by the year 1000 the name"colosseum"(a neuter noun)had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre.the statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives,situated between the colosseum and the nearby temple of venus and roma.[4]
the name was further corrupted to col**eum during the middle ages.in italy,the amphitheatre ** still known as il colosseo,and other romance languages h**e come to use similar forms such as le col**ée(french),el col**eo(span**h)and o col**eu(portuguese).
construction of the colosseum began under the rule of the emperor vespasian[1]in around 70–72.the site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the caelian,esquiline and palatine hills,through which a canal**ed stream ran.by the 2nd century bc the area was densely inhabited.it was devastated by the great fire of rome in ad 64,following which nero seized much of the area to add to h** personal domain.he built the grandiose domus aurea on the site,in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by p**illions,gardens and porticoes.the ex**ting aqua claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze colossus of nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the domus aurea.[4]
the area was transformed under vespasian and h** successors.although the colossus was preserved,much of the domus aurea was torn down.the lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new fl**ian amphitheatre.gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the domus aurea.according to a reconstructed inscription found on the site,"the emperor vespasian ordered th** new amphitheatre to be erected from h** general's share of the booty."th** ** thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the romans following their victory in the great jew**h revolt in 70.the colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the roman tradition of celebrating great victories.[4]vespasian's dec**ion to build the colosseum on the site of nero's lake can also be seen as a popul**t gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which nero had appropriated for h** own use.in contrast to many other amphitheatres,which were located on the outskirts of a city,the colosseum was constructed in the city centre;in effect,placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of rome.
the colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of vespasian's death in 79.the top level was fin**hed and the building inaugurated by h** son,titus,in 80.[1]dio cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre.the building was remodelled further under vespasian's younger son,the newly-designated emperor domitian,who constructed the hypogeum,a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and sl**es.he also added a gallery to the top of the colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
in 217,the colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire(caused by lightning,according to dio cassius[5])which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior.it was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320.an inscription records the restoration of various parts of the colosseum under theodosius ii and valentinian iii(reigned 425–450),possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443;work followed in 484 and 508.the arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century,with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435.animal hunts continued until at least 523.[4]
medieval
map of medieval rome depicting the colosseumthe colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period.by the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre,though th** apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole.the arena was converted into a cemetery.the numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops,and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century.around 1200 the frangipani family took over the colosseum and fortified it,apparently using it as a castle.
severe damage was inflicted on the colosseum by the great earthquake of 1349,causing the outer south side to collapse.much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces,churches,hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in rome.a religious order moved into the northern third of the colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century.the interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone,which was reused elsewhere,or(in the case of the marble facade)was burned to make quicklime.[4]the bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls,le**ing numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
exterior
the exterior of the colosseum,showing the partially intact outer wall(left)and the mostly intact inner wall(right)
original façade of the colosseum
entrance lii of the colosseum,with roman numerals still v**ibleunlike earlier amphitheatres that were built into hillsides,the colosseum ** an entirely free-standing structure.it ** elliptical in plan and ** 189 metres(615 ft/640 roman feet)long,and 156 metres(510 ft/528 roman feet)wide,with a base area of 6 acres.the height of the outer wall ** 48 metres(157 ft/165 roman feet).the perimeter originally measured 545 metres(1,788 ft/1,835 roman feet).the central arena ** an oval(287 ft)long and(180 ft)wide,surrounded by a wall(15 ft)high,above which rose tiers of seating.
the outer wall ** estimated to h**e required over 100,000 cubic meters(131,000 cu yd)of tr**ertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[4]however,it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries,with large segments h**ing collapsed following earthquakes.the north side of the perimeter wall ** still standing;the d**tinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions,h**ing been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall.the remainder of the present-day exterior of the colosseum ** in fact the original interior wall.
the surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade compr**es three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic,both of which are pierced by windows interspersed...