陕西西安秦兵马俑 中英文导游词
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum and the terra-cotta warriors and horses museum.
emperor qin shihuang(259-210b.c.)had ying as h** surname and zheng as h** given name.he name to the throne of the qin at age 13,and took the helm of the state at age of 22.by 221 b.c.,he had annexed the six rival principalities of qi,chu,yan,han,zhao and wei,and establ**hed the first feudal empire in china’s h**tory.
in the year 221 b.c.,when he unified the whole country,ying zheng styled himself emperor.he named himself shihuang di,the first emperor in the hope that h** later generations be the second,the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.since then,the supreme feudal rulers of china’s dynasties had continued to call themselves huang di,the emperor.
after he had annexed the other six states,emperor qin shihuang abol**hed the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.he standardized legal codes,written language,track,currencies,weights and measures.to protect against harassment by the hun ar**tocrats.emperor qin shihuang ordered the great wall be built.all these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and div**ion and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.they had a great and deep influence upon china’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
emperor qin shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the qin dynasty’s h**tory and culture,divination and medicines in an attempt to push h** feudal autocracy in the ideological field.as a result,china’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy.moreover,he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.those events were later called in h**tory“the burning of books and the burying of confucian scholars.”
emperor qin shihuang，for h** own pleasure,conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the guanzhong plain.these palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb,were enclosed alive.
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum has not yet been exc**ated.what looks like inside could noly be known when it ** opened.however,the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot exc**ated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropol** can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum was.
no.1 pit was stumbled upon in march 1974 when villagers of xiyang village of yanzhai township,lintong county,sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.in 1976,no.2 and 3 pits were found 20m north of no.1 pit respectively after the drilling survey.the terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the qin dynasty battle formation,symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.th** d**covery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.in 1975,a museum,housing the site of no.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the perm**sion of the state council.the museum was formally opened to public on oct.1,the national day,1979.
no.1 pit ** 230 meters long from east to west,62m wide from north to south and 5m deep,covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.it ** an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.there are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.the pit ** divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls,and the floors are p**ed with bricks.thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains),which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.the battle formation of the qin dynasty,facing east.in the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors,70 pieces in each,totaling 210 pieces.they are supposed to be the van of the formation.immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors,each being 180m long.they are probably the main body of the formation.there ** one line of warriors in the left,right and west ends respectively,facing outwards.they are probably the flanks and the rear.there are altogether 27 trial trench,it ** assumed that than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from no.1 pit.
no.2 pit s** about half the size of no.1 pit,covering about 6,000 square meters trail diggings show th** ** a composite formation of infantry,c**alry and chariot soldiers,from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors,and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.the 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.but their shafts,cross yokes,and wheels,etc.left clear impressions on the earth bed.the copper parts of the chariots still remain.each chariot ** pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.according to textual research,these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of hexi corridor.the horses for the c**alrymen were already saddled,but with no stirups.
no.3 pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses,one chariot and 68 warriors,supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.now,no.2 and 3 pits h**e been refilled,but v**itors can see some clay figures and weapons d**played in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.the floors of both no.1 and 2 pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.in these pits,one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere,some relics which were mostly broken.analys** shows that the pits were burned down by xiang yu,leader of a peasant army.all of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east,showing emperor qin shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.
the height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m,the shortest,to 1.97m,the tallest.they look healthy and strong and h**e different facial expressions.probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the qin dynasy.they organically combined the skills of round engr**ing,bas-relief and linear engr**ing,and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing,such as hand-moulding,sticking,cutting,painting and so on.the clay models were then put in kilns,baked and colour-painted.as the terra-cotta figures h**e beeb burnt and h**e gone through the natural process of decay,we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.however,most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours,and few of them are still as bright as new.they are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion,bright red,pink dark green,powder green,purple,blue,orange,black and white colours.
thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits,including broad knives,swords,spears,dagger-axes,halberds,bows,cros**ows and arrowheads.these weapons were exqu**itely made.some of theme are still very sharp,analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin,containing than ten kinds of other metals.since their surfaces were treated with chromium,they are as bright as new,though buried underground for than 2,000 years.th** indicates that qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.
in december 1980,two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum.these single shaft four-horse chariots each compr**es 3,462 spare parts,and has a body with two compartments,one behind the other,and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.the four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.the restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot,horse and driver in half life-size.
the chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.they h**e been fitted with than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations,looking luxurious,splendid and graceful.probably they were meant for the use of emperor qin shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.the bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting,which shows a high level of technology.for instance,the torto**e-shell-like canopy ** about 4mm thick,and the window ** only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.according to a preliminary study,the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting,welding,reveting,inlaying embedding and ch**eling.the exc**ation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique,the mechan**m of the chariot and technological modeling of the qin dynasty.
no.2 bronze chariot and horses now on d**play were found broken into 1,555 pieces when exc**ated.after two-and-half years’careful and painstaking restoration by archaeolog**ts and various special**ts,they were formally exhibited in the museum on october 1,1983.no.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on d**play from 1988.
尊敬的女士们、先生们：
今天，我们将参观秦兵马俑博物馆。秦兵马俑博物馆位于酉安市东35公里处，从喜来登酒店坐车到那里大约需要50分钟时间。自秦兵马俑博物馆于1979年10月1日开馆至今，已有为效众多**的党政首脑都参观过这个博物馆，更有数以百万计的中外游客不远干里来参观这个人类奇迹。法国****曾留言说过：“世界上原有七大奇迹，秦兵马俑的发现，可以说是第八大奇迹了。不看金字塔．不算真正到过埃及‘不看秦俑，不算真正到过**。美国前副**蒙代尔也说；“这是真正的奇迹。全世界人民都应该到这里看一看。从这些高度凝练的话语中，我们不难看出秦俑的历史价值及艺术价值。下面，我想把秦始皇这位成就一代伟业的历史巨人介绍给诸位，以便使大家能对秦始皇兵马俑和与之相关的历史有一个较详尽的了解。谈秦兵马俑，必须先介绍一下面赢政。公元前259年...